1/30/2024 0 Comments William of ockham empiricism![]() During these years he wrote many deep works on philosophy and Logic, including his monumental three-part "Summa logicae" in which he lays out the fundamentals of his Logic and its accompanying Metaphysics. In 1320, he completed study for his bachelor's degree, and he lectured on Logic and natural philosophy in a Franciscan school from 1321 to 1324, while he waited to return to university to study for his doctorate (although events were to overtake him and he never completed his master's degree or doctorate). He was ordained a subdeacon by the Archbishop of Canterbury in Southwark, London in 1306, and was sent to study theology at the University of Oxford in 1309 (at some point he probably studied under John Duns Scotus and derived many of his views from him). William of Ockham was born around 1285 in the small village of Ockham in Surrey, England, although nothing is known of his parents or his early life before he joined the Franciscan order (probably in London) at the age of fourteen. His philosophy was radical in his day and continues to provide insight into current philosophical debates. In addition to formulating his famous methodological principle commonly known as Occam's Razor, he produced significant works on Logic, physics and theology. He is sometimes called the father of Nominalism, strongly believing that universals are merely mental concepts and abstractions which do not really exist, except in the mind. Thomas Aquinas, John Duns Scotus and Averroës, he is one of the major figures of late medieval Scholastic thought, and was at the center of the major intellectual and political controversies of the 14th Century. 1285 - 1348) was an English Franciscan friar, philosopher and theologian of the Medieval period.Īlong with St. William of Ockham (or William of Occam) (c. Ockham ends (chapter 18) by showing how all these fallacies err against the syllogism.By Individual Philosopher > William of Ockham.Chapter 17 deals with the fallacy of many questions ( plures interrogationes ut unam facere)>.Chapter 16 deals with false cause ( non-causam ut causam).Chapter 15 deals with begging the question ( petitio principii).Chapter 14 deals with Ignoratio elenchi or irrelevant thesis.Chapter 13 deals with secundum quid et simpliciter.Chapter 12 deals with the fallacy of affirming the consequent.Chapter 11 deals with the fallacy of accident.Chapter 10 deals with the fallacy of 'figure of speech'.Chapter 9 deals with the fallacy of accent.Chapter 8 deals with the fallacies of composition, and division.Chapters 5-7 deal with the three types of amphiboly.Chapters 2-4 deal with the three modes of equivocation.Part IV, in eighteen chapters, deals with the different species of fallacy enumerated by Aristotle in Sophistical Refutations ( De sophisticis elenchis). Chapters 38 to 45 deal with the Theory of obligationes. ![]() Similar accounts are given by Jean Buridan and Albert of Saxony. ![]() Ockham distinguishes between 'material' and 'formal' consequences, which are roughly equivalent to the modern material implication and logical implication respectively. A consequence is 'true' when the antecedent implies the consequent. For example, 'if a man runs, then God exists' ( Si homo currit, Deus est). According to Ockham a consequence is a conditional proposition, composed of two categorical propositions by the terms 'if' and 'then'. In Part III, Ockham deals with the definition and division of consequences, and provides a treatment of Aristotle's Topical rules.
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